Here is a list of ideas. Be sure to concentrate at the very least on the topics listed.

1. Be clear on the meanings of the terms microscale, mesoscale, synoptic scale and global scale. Study the table on page 249.

2. Read how mechanical and thermal turbulence leads to an effective friction force. Learn how the height of the friction layer is related to the degree of turbulence. In particular, understand the implications of Figure 10.3

3. Since many of you fly on commercial airlines and may experience the results of turbulence firsthand, learn about "clear air turbulence" often called "air pockets," as discussed in the focus section on page 254 and 255.

4. Read about natural barriers and windbreaks and their effects.

5. Be sure you know the meaning of terms as are used to define various winds. For example, what exactly is an offshore wind? Read about prevailing winds and a "wind rose."

6. Pay particular attention to the subject heading labeled Local Wind Systems, starting on page 263. Pay attention to the figures in the chapter and learn from them. You are expected to know what is meant by each of the following local winds, why they form and when during a 24-hour day or when during the year they occur:

Questions based on Chapter 10
 

10-1. An example of mesoscale motion would be winds ___.

(1) on a surface weather map of the US. (2) on a 500 mb chart
(3) blowing through a city (4) blowing past a chimney
 

10-2. Which one or more of these are true for the synoptic scale of weather phenomena?
a) The weather pattern typically exists for 6-12 hours. b) A sea breeze is an example.
c) The weather pattern covers several states.

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and b (5) a and c
 

10-3. Which one of the following is the most reasonable estimate of the thickness of the friction layer in meters when vertical mixing due to turbulence is effective?

(1) 10 (2) 50 (3) 100 (4) 500 (5) 1000
 

10-4. Which one or more of the following are consistent with gusty surface winds?
a) a shallow friction layer b) unstable air c) rough landscape

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and b (5) a and c
 

10-5. Which one or more of the following increase the vertical extent of the friction layer?
a) surface cooling b) surface heating c) smooth terrain features

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and c (5) b and c
 

10-6. Which one or more of the following are true?
a) Airborne soil particles tend to collect downwind from a barrier rather than upwind.
b) A snow fence in a field causes increased snow cover on the upwind side of the fence.
c) A windbreak of trees will reduce winds near ground mostly on the downwind side.

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and b (5) a and c
 

10-7. A wind rose indicates the ___ at a station.

(1) average wind speed (2) percentage of time the wind is from a given direction
(3) vertical distribution of wind speeds (4) percentage of time the wind is at given speeds
 

10-8. Assume that a strong wind is blowing above 500 meters altitude. Surface winds will probably be at a maximum in the ___.

(1) early morning (2) noon (3) afternoon (4) evening (5) midnight
 

10-9. In middle latitudes, sea breezes tend to be most common in ___.

(1) spring and summer (2) summer and fall (3) fall and winter (4) winter and spring
 

10-10. Which one or more of the following are true? A sea breeze is ___ .
a) caused by a surface low pressure zone inland b) is an example of geostrophic flow
c) is a wind blowing out to sea from off the land

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and b (5) b and c
 

10-11. A sea breeze is usually strongest in the ___

(1) early morning (2) mid morning (3) afternoon (4) evening (5) night
 

10-12. A west wind of 20 knots blows over a forested region in the US. If this same wind moves out over a very large lake, its wind speed would ___ and its direction would be ___.

(1) increase, more northwesterly (2) increase, more southwesterly (3) increase, westerly
(4) decrease, more northwesterly (5) decrease, more southwesterly
 

10-13. A west wind blows over a large lake. One is most likely to find clouds ___ the lake.

(1) west of (2) over (3) east of (4) north of (5) south of
 

10-14. Which one of these is a characteristic of the Asian monsoon?

(1) A daily wind shift occurs between day and night. (2) Heavy rainfall is common in the form of winter storms. (3) A large continental high causes winter airflow toward the Equator. (4) In summer the high pressure regions tend to move northward into Asia.
 

10-15. While fly fishing in a mountain stream, you notice that the wind is blowing upstream. From this information, you deduce that you are seeing a

(1) katabatic wind (2) sea breeze (3) mountain breeze (4) valley breeze
(5) synoptic wind
 

10-16. Which one or more of these are true for valley and mountain breezes?
a) Valley breezes arise from radiational cooling.
b) Valley breezes are most common on summer afternoons.
c) Mountain and valley breezes are strongly controlled by the coriolis effect.

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and b (5) b and c
 

10-17. The summer monsoon in eastern and southern Asia is characterized by ___.

(1) dry weather and land breezes (2) wet weather and ocean breezes
(3) dry weather and ocean breezes (4) strong domination by high pressure zones inland
 

10-18. Air at 10° C flows over a mountain ridge 2 km high rising from a plain. On the windward side, clouds begin at 1/2 km upslope and cause heavy rain. Which one or more of the following are true?
a) Air at the base of the lee side is warmer than 10° C.
b) Air at the base of the lee side is again 10° C.
c) the storm on the windward side is called a Chinook.

(1) a (2) b (3) c (4) a and c (5) b and c
 

10-19. The well-known northeasters that affect New England are examples of a ___.

(1) katabatic wind (2) monsoon (3) a cyclonic storm to the south (4) dry cold wind
 

10-20. Santa Ana, Chinook and Foehn winds are all examples of a wind that is ___.

(1) associated with a blizzard (2) cold and damp possibly coming from off a snow field
(3) associated with the ITCZ (4) dry and warm and flowing down a mountain slope
(5) associated with monsoon climates
 

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER 10 QUESTIONS